How do children at the conventional stage typically determine right from wrong?

In the conventional stage of moral development, as defined by Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, children primarily determine right from wrong based on social norms and the expectations set by those around them, particularly authority figures like parents. This stage emphasizes the importance of maintaining relationships and conforming to societal rules, which is why children at this stage are likely to align their judgments with what their parents or caregivers expect them to do. Their understanding of morality is closely tied to obedience and the desire to gain approval from those in positions of authority, which drives their decision-making process.

The other options reflect different aspects of moral reasoning that may be seen in other stages of development or in more mature moral reasoning but are not characteristic of the conventional stage's focus on conformity and authority. For instance, evaluating potential consequences tends to correspond with a more advanced stage of moral reasoning where individuals assess the outcomes of their actions. Similarly, personal ethical beliefs and an understanding of human rights emerge later as individuals begin to cultivate their own moral frameworks independent of external authority.