Which of the following can be a contributing factor to Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

Inadequate parenting can be a significant contributing factor to both Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. This type of parenting may involve inconsistent discipline, lack of supervision, emotional unavailability, or harsh punitive measures. Such environmental factors can lead to the development of maladaptive behaviors in children, including defiance, aggression, and oppositional behavior. Children who experience inadequate parenting may struggle to develop healthy relationships, problem-solving skills, and appropriate emotional responses, all of which are critical in preventing behavioral disorders.

Genetic predisposition may play a role in the development of these disorders, but it is not as directly impactful on behavioral outcomes as the influence of the parenting environment. Similarly, overindulgent parenting or an exclusive focus on academics may influence a child's behavior but do not directly correlate with the specific patterns seen in Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder as directly as inadequate parenting does. The relationship between parenting styles and behavioral issues highlights the crucial role that environmental factors play in the upbringing of children and adolescents.